Example International Studies Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2240 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category History Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Over the past one hundred and forty-five years, scholars and historians have suggested different causes of the American Civil War, and different schools of thought have gone in and out of favour. The years immediately after the war regarded it as a clash between those supporting freedom and those supporting slavery. Later scholars saw it as inevitable for other reasons. In the early 1900s the revisionist school emerged, arguing the war was needless and caused by political blunders and extremism. Other historians have focused on economic differences as the cause. Even Abraham Lincoln, in his speeches before, during, and after the war, wavered in what he stated as the need for war. Regardless of the arguments, however, the true cause of the American Civil War was slavery, prominent in the South and generally opposed in the North. The cause of the Civil War at the time it was fought and in the decades following it was stated slavery as the moral cause. The North believed that slavery was wrong and the slaves should be set free. The South believed that slavery was right, and should continue. There are two problems with this belief. First, it assumes that thousands of w hite Northerners would be willing to die so that black slaves could be free. There is no indication, anywhere, that the North was willing to make the financial and life sacrifices it did just too free slaves. Second, it makes it hard to reunite as a country. According to this statement of cause, the North became the good guys and the South became are the bad guys. All the death and destruction was the Souths fault. This type of reasoning bred resentment on both sides, and didnt help rebuild the U.S. In an attempt to make the causes of the war less good versus bad, and more logical and reasonable, the nationalist school of thought emerged. They felt that the war was inevitable, but neither the South nor the North was wrong. The South was right in that slavery had legally and historically been allowed there, and there was no precedent for that to be changed. They had a right to defend their way of life. The North was right in that they wanted to preserve the union. They had a right to defend their national government. Both sides were right, but reconciliation without war was not possible. Woodrow Wilson, who was President of the U.S. during the First World War, was a historian of this belief. Wilson described the pre-Civil War United States as a nation sectionalized and divided by social and economic contrast to gross and obvious to be overlooked; a nation whose several regions whose interests diverse and separate, hardly to be reconciled. He was careful not to judge slavery or portray it as evil. In his History of the American People, Wilson presented the notion that slavery was often beneficial for the slaves, rejecting the portrait painted by Harriet Beecher Stowe in her famous American novel, Uncle Toms Cabin. He said about the novel, No one could read in it the real life of the Negro or take from it any just conception of the system of slavery as administered by the vast majority of southern masters. Indeed, domestic slaves were treated wit h affection and indulgence and there was almost always moderation, a firm but not unkindly discipline, a real care shown for their comfort and welfare. His portrayal of Lincoln and the Republicans was equally positive, holding that the people of the North, as conservative of law and of right as the men of the South, drew back, at the first shock and surprise of secession, form coercion or violence, questioned anxiously what they should do, and hesitated as their government did. The Northerners were also in the right. Both governments hoped to see the conflict tended by a mere show of force but were unwillingly drawn into actual war. Wilson argued that the South had kept to the original intentions of the framers of the American government, and since the Southern States had freely entered into the Union, they felt they could freely withdraw. They expected the North to settle differences by negotiation, not by war. It was only when Lincoln called for soldiers did the Southe rners realized a civil war was upon them [ix].North and South disagreed on the contract between them, the constitution, and how it should be interpreted. The conflict arose unintentionally, because of reasons of interpretation and misunderstanding, not from any moral or issue-specific cause. However, it is important to note that throughout the above arguments, slavery is still one of the main causes of the original dissention. Both North and South may indeed have wanted to avoid war. Neither may have planned on the war actually occurring. There were certainly issues of States rights and the rights of the Federal government. The issue that all these centred upon, however, was slavery. Slavery was the primary issue of dissention and disagreement. Both sides views on slavery contributed to their actions. The nationalist school was not the only one, however, to look beyond a moral, right versus wrong cause of the American Civil War. Historians Charles and Mary Beard were som e of the first to propose a new interpretation that saw the causes of the war as primarily economic. The South and the North had different economic systems, and these were growing more and more apart. They felt the antislavery party was not opposed to slavery for moral reasons but to gain political ascendancy and wanted to fasten the economic stranglehold of northern capitalism upon the South. The progressive school, as this line of reasoning was called, recognized the South before the war was more of an old-world classed society. The land and slave owners were the gentlepeople, and other white people were the commoners. Society, culture and the economy revolved around one or a few large plantations in each community. The introduction of the cotton gin had made cotton a very profitable crop in the South. However, growing cotton required cheap labour. The South became more dependent on slavery as cotton became more dominant in its economy. Unlike the nationalist school, howev er, they did not see slavery as being morally acceptable in the Southern context. Beard and Beard also disagreed with the idea that different interpretations of State and Federal rights were a primary cause of the Civil War. They emphasised the differences in climate, in industry, and in labour systems. [xiv] The economic needs of the South differed from those of the North, and these led to the needs for differences in government. The Beards assertions, therefore, do not change slavery as the initial and primary cause of the war. What caused the different economic systems? Granted, the North was beginning to become more industrialized while the South remained agricultural, but the vast majority of Northern and Southern Americans were still small farmers at the time. The difference was that Northern communities were economically centring on businesses and factories, while Southern communities were centring on plantations. These plantations required slaves to be profitable . The root cause of the economic differences themselves, therefore, was still slavery. Avery Craven was an outspoken and often published historian who supported another idea of the causes of the American Civil War. Craven belonged to what is called the revisionist school, and believed that the war was not inevitable. It could have been prevented, but was brought upon the United States by the blunders, ineptitude, and misunderstanding of the countrys leadership. The issue of slavery, particularly in the new territories entering the United States, was mishandled on both sides. In the two decades leading up to the American Civil War, the South became increasingly inflexible and threatened by the expansion in population and geography of the North. The North saw the South as uncompromising, and unwilling to accept anything less than full right to slavery in the entire union. These attitudes only applied to a handful of extremists on either side, but these extremists were able to dominate political debate and air their views widely in the newspapers of the day. When Stephen Douglas, a senator from the state of Illinois introduced the Kansas-Nebraska bill to the U.S. congress, controversy erupted. The bill divided the Nebraska territory into two parts, and allowed for each to decide the slavery issue for themselves. [xxi] Those who strongly opposed slavery saw this as an attempt to make the whole territory slave states. Those who adherently supported slavery saw it as a way to make both states free states. At this point, according to Craven, politicians and leaders on both sides of the slavery issue began to over react. Each side dug themselves into a hole, and the South began to threaten secession in earnest. The North did not take the South seriously, and through a series of increasingly inflammatory political blunders, the sides became entrenched. There was no turning back from then on. Although political idiocy has certainly led to a numbe r of disastrous situations throughout history, it is not sufficient to explain the cause of the American Civil War. This was a conflict that pitted brother against brother at great personal and financial cost to both sides. That extremists were able to stir the emotions of the populace shows that there was something to be stirred about. People rarely get excited in large numbers about issues that they dont care about. The slavery issue was important to many Northerners and Southerners, which enabled them to become emotional. The misunderstandings and political refusals to work together all return back to the issue of slavery. It is this issue that underlies the points of Cravens arguments. One can see in the speeches of Abraham Lincoln, the only one of the five historians mentioned to actually live during the civil war period, that he sees slavery as the main cause of the tension between North and South. At that time there was much controversy over whether western territorie s coming into the United States would be free or slave. In his unsuccessful run for the U.S. Senate in 1958, Lincoln spent over half of his speech talking about slavery. He compared the situation in the United States to a reference from the Bible: A house divided cannot stand. Lincoln stated, I do not expect the Union to be dissolved but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States. Lincoln took slavery again as one of his main points in his run for president. He acknowledged the necessity of allowing slavery to gradually fade away, rather than outlaw it in presently slave states. Lincoln reminded his listeners that importing slaves had been banned in most of the U.S. by this time. He strongly stood against the spread of slavery, however, in new territories coming in, and ad vocated that each state entering the union be allowed to determine whether it was slave or free. Lincoln also specifically stated that states should not be allowed to withdraw from the government. He did this because some Southern states had said they would secede if a Republican were elected president. [xxvii] Most of the Northern politicians opposing the Southerners threatened withdraw from the United States, hypocritically, did not have a moral problem with the Mexican cession states (namely California, New Mexico, and Texas) seceding from Mexico and eventually joining the U.S. This lends support to slavery, as the cause of the secession, remaining the primary cause of the war. In his inaugural address in 1861, Lincoln spent the entire speech talking about the secession of Southern states and the cause of secession, slavery. One section of our country believes slavery is right, and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong, and ought not to be extended . This is the only substantial debate. He again states four years later, in his second inaugural address, that slaves were a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was, somehow, the cause of the war. The President of the United States at the time of the Civil War explicitly stated in both his inaugural addresses that slavery was the cause of the war. Before the war Lincoln was willing to allow slavery to remain where it already existed. He said he believed it would die out and there would eventually be no more slavery, and he wanted to avoid conflict. By his later speeches he is firmly standing against slavery as being morally wrong, and needing to be eliminated everywhere. While there is some difference in the strength of his statements against slavery over time, Lincoln is still laying the cause of the Civil War on the slavery issue. In conclusion, there are many things that can be said to have caused the American Civil War. Each of these causes, h owever, can be traced back to slavery as its own cause. Economic differences were caused by slavery. Differences in culture would not have developed as they did without slavery. Arrogance amongst politicians may not even have been as extreme without slavery. Slavery remains, therefore, the primary cause of the war, and all subordinate causes must be viewed in its light. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Example International Studies Essay" essay for you Create order

History Of Medicine And Public Health Essay - 1548 Words

I. Author Bio Deborah Lupton is a sociologist and a research professor at the University of Canberra, Australia. She received bachelor degrees in sociology and anthropology at the Australian National University, as well as a Masters in Public Health and a doctorate from the University of Sydney. She has written 14 books and 130 academic journals on the topics of medicine and public health from a sociological perspective. She is currently researching topics such as sociology in a digital culture and digital health analysis (Lupton, 2012). II. Research Questions †¢ â€Å"What does it feel like to be a fat person in a cultural context in which fat is reviled?† (Lupton, 2013, p. 67). †¢ â€Å"How are fat bodies discriminated against, how do fat people feel about their bodies and their weight-loss efforts, what their experiences of moving around in space and place?† (Lupton, 2013, p. 67) †¢ â€Å"Should fatness be considered a disability?† (Lupton, 2013, p. 67) III. Main Argument In this chapter, Lupton examines how overweight people experience life in society and how negative views of being overweight affect said people. She concludes that overweight people face a plethora of challenges in everyday life for a multitude of reasons (Lupton, 2013, p. 67-68). Overweight people experience discrimination on multiple levels, which can lead to negative health outcomes. This leads to the question, are fat people sick because they are fat, or because social factors surrounding and influencing their fatnessShow MoreRelatedNaturopathy in Public Health System895 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction We all are aware of the allopathic and homeopathic medicines for the cure of several diseases as we are immune to them since our childhood. Whenever there has been an infection, allergy or cold, the physician prescribe us some allopathic medicines to get rid of the illness. 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This next presidential election might take the country in a new direction in terms of how our medical system is run. In fact â€Å"socialized medicine† has been mentioned numerous times in the current presidentialRead MoreThe Newly Formed Constitution Of Nepal Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesGood health is a form of wealth for a person, an important indicator of human well-being. The newly formed constitution of Nepal (2015) has stressed the right to healthcare as a fundamental right of the citizens. Thus, access to health care is now protected as a constitutional right for all. In Nepal, modern health services have a short history. Until the early 1960s, only a few urban hospitals and rural dispensaries were available. Since the late 1980s, thousands of health institutions have beenRead MoreLksjfklfj1460 Words   |  6 Pagesmedical conditions. It is incredible how the medicine today differs from the ones back then, including the way it was advertised and the process of it being made. In the nineteenth century, pharmaceutical companies used marketing tools through advertisements directly from the consumer to producer, usually through newspaper ads. Originating in England, patented medicines made their way across to America in the 18th century. A lot of the times these medicines contained morphine, opium, or cocaine and

Character Dignity free essay sample

The Colonel is a white man who fights the bigotry of the enemy, who have vowed to kill any officers who lead the troops and by his own commanding officers who have kept them out of the war to do their dirty work. Colonel Shaw starts the War eager and zealous for the fight, the battle of Antietam leaves his disillusioned and wounded. Synopsis Robert Shaw grew up in a life of wealth and privilege in Boston. He was raised in a home that valued character, dignity and self-respect. His family had personal and political connections with then Governor John Andrew and President Abraham Lincoln. The enemy is not only the Confederate Army but the northern whites who have resisted allowing blacks to fight for their freedom and emancipation. The Colonel puts Major Cabot Forbes, his best friend, in as his second in command. The men are drilled by the sadistic Sargent Major Mulcahy who breaks them with savagery and disrespect. We will write a custom essay sample on Character Dignity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Colonel turns a blind eye to the treatment of the black soldiers. One of the first recruits is a friend of Robert and Cabot, Thomas Searles. Cabot reminds Robert that Thomas is their friend and he needs to stop the Running Header: CHARACTER, DIGNITY and SELF-RESPECT 3 harsh treatment of the recruits. Robert is hardened by what he has seen and experienced at the battle of Antietam and stands coldly on Army protocol. Robert slowly comes back to his true character and begins to see his men as human beings. He begins fighting for them, getting needed supplies and eventually the right to fight for their freedom. There first brush with the Confederate Army is successful after initially faltering in the first skirmish. Robert volunteers the 54th infantry for a charge upon Fort Wagner, which has never been taken. Robert inspires his men to lead the fight when other units do not volunteer to lead the charge to take the fort. They charge into a battle that traps them under heavy cannon fire and the shore. Robert is shot and killed as he rallies the men forward on to the fight. His men continue on in the fight and die as they charge the parapet of the fort. Many casualties occur and Fort Wagner is never taken. The end shows Robert being thrown into a sandpit and buried with his men. Ethical Theories According to the Sommers’ text Aristotle defined happiness as an activity we can do better than anything else, and to exercise their capacity to reason is a virtue (Sommers, C. amp; Sommers, F. 2010). Reason plays a part in all virtues and courageous persons use it to control fear. After Robert returned from the battle at Antietam he had a temporary change of character, most likely it was post-traumatic stress from the battle. As he got to know the men in his unit and saw their desire and determination to become good soldiers in order to fight for their freedom his character began to return. Running Header: CHARACTER, DIGNITY and SELF-RESPECT 4 You could see this change as he began to care for and fight for the things his men needed. He chaffed at the bigotry and discrimination displayed by the Army Command and began to see and treat the men differently. Based on the teachings of Epictetus Robert had the inner strength to do the right thing when it came to the command of his men. Epictetus taught that â€Å"regardless of circumstances, human beings are capable of dignity and self-control† ( Rachels, J. amp; Rachels, S. 2012). Humans also had the power to control their response to circumstances even though they could not control the outside world based on inner strength. The situation that comes to mind during the movie was when Robert was dining with the other officers and they were making derogatory remarks about the men in his command. (Fields, F. (Producer), Zwick, E. (Director), 1989). The more the officers abused and put down his men, the madder Robert got and he finally got up and left the dining hall. â€Å"Saint Augustine distrusted reason and believed that moral goodness depends on subordinating oneself to the will of God† ( Rachels, J. amp; Rachels, S. 2012). Robert was raised in a home that was moral, patriotic; character driven and likely had a rich religious background. Duty to one’s Country and God were in their life and character’s. Conclusion Robert was raised in a home where values and character were important parts of daily life. Even though they were wealthy they valued all people, Robert had a friend who was black. When Thomas was shot in the battle at Antietam Robert forgot his rank Running Header: CHARACTER, DIGNITY and SELF-RESPECT 5 and went to his side. The obstacles that were overcome were discrimination and hatred. Robert was willing to share in the hardships of the black soldiers and choose not to take pay if his men chose not to in protest of the decrease in pay.

Nanotechnology in Human and Animal Health

Nanotechnology is a steadily growing technology that has effective use in the filed of manufacturing, engineering, medicine, treatment and therapy, and agriculture and food production. The technology manipulates matter in the subatomic level. Scientific researches revealed that nanoparticles behave differently that can be beneficial for the health of humans and animals.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nanotechnology in Human and Animal Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Manipulating atoms in the nanoscale results to exciting outcomes which cannot be done in their natural state. Nano-medical tools and instruments facilitate study and observation of the functioning and metabolism of minute living cells such as proteins and hormones (Shrivastava Dash, 2009). Nano-instruments are able to measure the light emitted by molecules in cells, thus, enabling precise measurement of the path these molecules foll ow (Shrivastava Dash, 2009). Such knowledge can contribute to the development of new medical approaches in the treatment and prevention of diseases. The delivery systems are used in targeted treatment of diseased cells in humans, as well as in the monitoring, sensing, and imaging procedures (Shrivastava Dash, 2009). Nanoparticles that attach themselves to tumor cells can be heated to a particular temperature enough to destroy the cells (Shrivastava Dash, 2009). The technology has also allowed fine coating of implant materials in nanometer instead of micrometer that makes the implants last longer than the usual ten to fifteen years (Shrivastava Dash, 2009). Nanometer hydroxyapatite coating makes the implant similar to the hydroxyapatite found in the bone (which is 70 percent hydroxyapatite mineral and 30 percent organic fibers). This facilitates bonding and growth of tissues surrounding the implant, and can forego with the use of bone cement (Shrivastava Dash, 2009). Active impl ants have two subgroups, drug administration and neural prostheses. The first one delivers medicines at specific periods and varying amounts (Shrivastava Dash, 2009). The second group can repair a nerve, function as a nerve, or replace the senses (Shrivastava Dash, 2009). In relation to animal health, nanotechnology has provided a means to detect and attack the cause before totally infecting the animal. Quantum dots injected into the animal bloodstream can seek out defective cells and destroy them once light is shone to the body (Scott, 2005).Advertising Looking for research paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nano-devices implanted into animals can regularly sample saliva and detect presence of virus and other disease-causing organisms even before symptoms of the disease manifest (Scott, 2005). Smart delivery of drug allows targeted treatment of a diseased area, which can also be programmed, controlle d at a distance, and manipulated at intervals (spatially or periodically) (Scott, 2005). Smart delivery approach can also monitor other parameters such as pharmaceutical and nutrient intake, food supplements, etc. (Scott, 2005). Many particles in the nanoscale have unpredictable behaviors (Quick, 2009). Researches conducted by the Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut showed that nanoparticles of silver (used to counter germ proliferation) could eliminate the capacity of the immune system to fight pathogens (Quick, 2009). Nanoparticles of Titanium dioxide, which are common ingredients in cosmetics for their sunblocking effect, have been found by University of California, Los Angeles in mice experiment to have caused damage in the genes (Quick, 2009). The body cannot remove these particles which can accumulate in the cells and organs in the body. Nanoparticles are very small and can be released into the environment uncontrollably. In depth resea rch should be conducted on the elements and their potential effect and harm to humans and animals. Without proactive study and regulation, living organisms may be unnecessarily exposed to unexpected danger. References Quick, D. (2009, December 14). The downside of nanotech: do tiny particles spell big trouble? Retrieved from https://newatlas.com/are-nanoparticles-dangerous/13594/ Scott, N.R. (2005). Nanotechnology and animal health. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 24(1), 425-432. Web. Shrivastava, S. Dash, D. (2009). Applying nanotechnology to human health: revolution in biomedical sciences. Journal of Nanotechnology, 2009. Article ID 184702, doi:10.1155/2009/184702. Retrieved from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnt/2009/184702/Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nanotechnology in Human and Animal Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This research paper on Nanotechnology in Human and Animal Health was written and submitted by user Lana Hernandez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.